Introduction
The history of Arabian medicine can only be studied
satisfactorily in conjunction with the general history of
Islam, which began to assume political importance in AD
622. In that year, the prophet Mohammed (PBUH) united
the warring tribes of Arabia through common religious
and social ideals. This vision enabled the Arabs to
conquer half of the known world and to build an empire
destined to replace those of Rome and Persia (combined).
In the early Islamic and Umayyad period (661-750)
usual folk medicine, which is found in all primitive
societies, abounded. The general belief was that for every
malady, Allah had appointed an appropriate remedy.
There were, however, only three principal methods of
treatment: the administration of honey, cupping, and
cautery. This practice of medicine gained wide popularity
and acquired a great significance, because it was held to
be the teachings of the prophet (PBUH) and was thus
coined ‘Prophetic Medicine’. However, as IbnKhaldun
has shown, that such practices were inseparable from
Bedouin medicine and it can have no claim to Divine
revelation (1). The Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) said:
“Healing is in three things: a sip of honey, a cupping
incision, and cauterization. I forbid my nation from
cauterization.”
He also said: “If there is any good in any of your
medicines, it is in a cupping incision, a sip of honey, or
a cauterization with fire that suits the disease. But I
do not like to cauterize.”
One might consider honey as symbolic for Medicine
(drugs); cupping incision as symbolic for surgery; and
cauterization (with fire) as symbolic for Radiotherapy.
However, it was not until the ninth century, with the
Hellenization of Islam, that the evolution of a highly
sophisticated system of scientific medicine began.
An acrimonious theological dissension in the fifth
century was responsible for the preservation of Greek
medicine until the fifteenth century. Nestorius, Bishop of
Constantinople in 431, was excommunicated by the
Council of Ephesus for his denial of the Doctrine of
Theotokos (that Mary was the mother of God). The
foundation of the Nestorian Church followed his
condemnation and subsequent death.
The Nestorians established a successful school of
medicine and two hospitals in Edessa, Mesopotamia,
but in 489 they were expelled and their buildings
razed by the Orthodox Emperor, Zeno, under the
influence of Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria. They further
established their centres at Nisibis, being warmly
welcomed by Chosroes, under whom Persia attained the
zenith of its power and culture in the sixth century. He
founded a university at Jundi Shapur (‘beautiful
garden’), which combined classical learning with Indian
philosophy and medicine.
In 636 AD, with the defeat of the armies of the Eastern
Emperor, Heraclitus, by Khalid IbnAl-Walid the Sword
of God’, the scholars at Jundi Shapur feared the
destruction of their school. However, the Muslims were
immediately influenced by the classical masters and
Jundi Shapur, far from being destroyed, became the
Cradle of the Arabian School of Medicine
The Arabs, under the Umayyad Caliphate, had been
mainly concerned with their military might and the expansion of their empire (Horizontal Expansion
succeeding Abbasid Caliphate was conspicuous for its
intellectual activity and generous patronage of learning
and the arts and ushered in the golden age of Hellenic
culture (Vertical Expansion). Baghdad thus, became the
metropolis of Islam, where the influe
Shapur and its physicians, notably the BukhtYishu
family, were deeply felt (Margotta 1967).
The Byzantine Emperor was amazed to discover that the
collecting and purchasing of Greek manuscripts were
among the terms of peace dictated by the vi
Abbasid Muslim leaders (as a Jeziya equivalent).
this people who took from the hands of the unworthy
successors of Galen and Hippocrates, the flickering torch
of Greek medicine. They prevented its extinction and they
handed it back after five centuries’ (Withington 1894)
It has been frequently quoted that:
Medicine was non-existent, but Hippocrates had
created it;
Medicine was dead, but Galen had revived it;
Medicine was scattered, but had been collected by
Rhazes (Ar-Razi); and
Medicine was incomplete, but had been completed
by Avicenna (Ibn Sina).
Estabilishment of Hospitals for the First time in History
Hospital foundation and the medical practice are greatly,
if not entirely, related to these two Muslim giants in
Medicine: Rhazes and Avicenna. Their books:
Continence in Medicine (30 volumes) and Canon of Medicine (5 volumes) respectively, were
both translated into Latin and served as the main Medical
textbooks for medical students for many generations and
indeed, for many centuries. Each text is a fertile field for
unlimited medical and historical research till our present time. Indeed, Rhazes and Avicenna
prime movers and shakers in the
(during European medieval ages and beyond);
the highest professional standards in
clinical practice as well as in teaching
generations of doctors all-over the World
centuries (from 10th to 18th centuries).
Although places for the sick have been around since
antiquity, most were very basic, and simply acted as
houses or buildings for holding ill people.
Medieval Europe, the prevalent philosophical belief
about illnesses was that they were supernatural, and
therefore incurable by human interventio
hospitals were no more than hospices or hostels in
today standards. Little effort was therefore, made to
cure the illness, and instead, monks would tend to
patients to assure their soul’s salvation.
In Islam, numerous ahadith
Mohammed (PBUH) (2) such as
disease unless He makes a cure for it,”
sent down the disease and the cure, and He has
appointed a cure for every disease, so treat yourselves
medically,” guided Muslim physicians to
different approach: aiming to actually cure illness and to
restore people’s health based on solid Medical
knowledge and scientific means. Thus, the invention of
hospitals was the fruitful outcome of this Islamic
philosophy. Hospitals beca
were treated for their diseases by learned professional
physicians, as opposed to a place for lodging sick
people, run by religious order with prayer and
worship to heal their souls from their illness, which is
considered incurable and untreatable.
The first complete hospital in the history was built in 86
Hijri / 705 AD during the era of Umayyad Caliph Walid
bin Abdul Malik. However, during Abbasid era, the
earliest documented generalhospital was built about a
century later, in 805 AD, in Baghdad, by the vizier to the
Caliph Harun al-Rashid. The prominence as court
physicians of Bakhtishu’ (عشويتخب
of the Persian medical academy at
they played important roles in its development.
AD, the Abbasid Caliph Al-of Wisdom ( ةمكحلا تيبBayt al-Hikma
modelled after the Academy of Gondishapur
Christian physician Hunayn ibn Ishaq, and supported by
translated Greco-Roman books by Galen, H
Plato, Aristotle et al. Over the following decades,
more hospitals sprang up throughout the Islamic
world, and the number continued to grow each year. In
Kairouan, in present-day Tunisia, a hospital was built in
the ninth century, and others were established at Makkah
and Madinah. Persia had several: One in the city of Rayy
was headed for a time by its Baghdad
son, Mohammed ibn Zakariya al-Razi (
10th century five more hospitals were built in
Baghdad. The earliest state-of-the art Teaching hospital
was established in the late ninth century by ‘Al
who asked Al-Razi to oversee its construction and
operations.
Each hospital included oculists (ie, ophthalmologists),
physician/surgeons, and bonesetters (3, 4, 5).
The policy statement of the “bimaristan of al
Qalawun” in Cairo, circa 1284 ce:
(The hospital shall keep all patients, men and women,
until they are completely recovered. All costs are to be
borne by the hospital whether the people come from afar
or near, whether they are residents or foreigners, strong
or weak, low or high, rich or poor, e
unemployed, blind or signed, physically or mentally ill,
learned or illiterate. There are no conditions of
consideration and payment; none is objected to or even indirectly hinted at for non-payment. The entire service is
through the magnificence of God, the generous one) (6).
As the hospitals grew in number, the specialties too,
increased to cope with various ailments. The medical
culture of hospital practice was progressive, until 1258,
when the Mongols invaded and destroyed Baghdad, the
capital of the Islamic World.
Founding Fathers of Clinical Medicine in Hospital Practices
Among Rhazes and Avicenna, Rhazesis chronologically,
the first, and the older of the two, and for being the chief
physician of Baghdad teaching hospital, deserves a
special attention due to his amazing, original, and
pioneering achievements in Medicine.
I. Abu Bakr Mohammedibn Zakariyaal
or Rasis, 865–925 AD),can therefore, be considered the
original and real Father of Clinical Medicine and
Clinical Teaching.Due to his popularity as a physician,
al-Razi was invited to Baghdad to be the director in a
new Mu’tadidhospital to
founderCaliph Al-Mu’tadid
of Al-Mutadid’s son, Al-Muktafi
was commissioned to build
Teaching Hospital of the Abbasid Caliphate. To pick the
future hospital’s location, al
nowadays known as an evidence
hanging fresh meat in various places throughout the city
of Baghdad, and to build the hospital where meat took
longest to rot. He spent the best of his years practising,
experimenting, teaching, and writing in that Baghdad
Teaching Hospital which provided for him the fertile
field for research and clinical activities
none of which could have been flourished had he stayed
in Rey. Rhazes therefore, should be considered as a
genius Baghdadi scholar, not merely a Persian doctor!
What has been said about Rhazes’ crit
are fragmentary and only reported by authors who were
often hostile, and jealous of
author of (the servant has a Creator
was highly praised by Imam al
(Biographies of the Noble Fig
Rhazes spent the last years of his life in his native Rey
suffering from glaucoma. His eye affliction started with
cataracts and ended in total blindness. Allegedly, he was
approached by a physician offering an ointment to cure
his blindness. Al-Razi then asked him how many layers
the eye contains, and when he was unable to receive an
answer, he declined the treatment stating ” my eyes will
not be treated by one who does not know the basics of
its anatomy”
In fact, Al-Razi (Rhazes)should be considered the
pioneer and the father of many fields of Medicine:
1. Father of Clinical Medicine and Clinical Teaching
His most extensive medical work, consisting of 30
volumes, which is also the largest known medieval
encyclopaedic medical text, isKitab al
Tibb (The Comprehensive Book of Medicine
Latin The Liber Continens). In this, he illustrates the
opinions, diagnosis and method of treatment of all medieval and Greek predecessor physicians,
authenticated by his own experiments and observations,
thus providing the reader access to a number of
discussions (7, 8).
Likewise, Al-Mansuri fi al-Tibb
for Mansur) was another famous medical treatise
dedicated to a ruler and later used widely as a medical
teaching curriculum for medical students
He was the outstanding physician, pharmacist, chemist,
and philosopher in the medieval ages. There are many
discoveries in pharmacy and chemistry, such as ethanol
and sulfuric acid, attributed to Rhazes. Furthermore, he
had many clinical achievements in medicine, such as
ophthalmology, neurosurgery, paediatrics, as
treatment of kidney diseases, infectious
hydrocephalus, facial palsy, measles and smallpox.
Rhazes also contributed to the surgical procedures
performed in the airway including tracheostomy.
Later, he was invited back to Rey by
Ray: Mansur ibn Ishaq and
head. He dedicated two books on medicine to Mansur ibn
Ishaq: The Spiritual Physic
Medicine.
He established the methodology of clinical medicine by
having a rational approach t
on recording, interpreting and classifying his clinical and
experimental observations. He also pioneered practising
case control experimentation in clinical medicine
2. Father of Experimental Medicine,
experimental laboratory attached to Baghdad Teaching
Hospital, where he isolated for instance, alcohol for use
in wound therapy of patients. Al-Razi studied chemistry
in his youth and wrote on the subject. He followed
ibn Hayyanand Al-Kindi, however, his approach to the
subject was remarkably distinctive, for it was based on
careful and accurate experimental observations. He
classified the materials used in chemistry into three main
categories: bodies, souls and spirits. He subdivided the
substances into animals (hayawanat), plants (nabatat)
and minerals (jamadat) (11, 12).
Al-Razi was the first to introduce animal trial studies to
examine the effects and toxicity of drugs prior to human
administration (13).
Invention of Medical Alcohol:
distillation dates back to early 2000 BC in Indus Valley
Civilization, but the first use of alcohol as a medical
disinfectant was during the Islamic Golden Age.
demand for medical alcohol (70% or more to kill the
virus) and hand-gel has greatly increased since the start
of COVID-19 pandemic. It was Al Razi who made this
discovery and published it in his medical encyclopaedia
“Al Hawi” (The Continence or Comprehensive Book
on Medicine), where he described the antiseptic
properties of alcohol and its effectiveness on wounds.
The method was first implemented in the First hospital in
Baghdad and soon spread across the Islamic world.
Europeans later adopted the original Arabic
alcohol from Arabic alkoh’l
of antimony used in the East to stain the eyelids. But
more correctly, it is Arabic for
substance that when drunk, will take off your mind. See
Verses 37:45-47 of Surat As
Ranks) of Qur’an: “Round will be
Cup from a clear-flowing fountain. Crystal
taste delicious to those who drink (thereof). Free from
ghawl (headiness); nor will they suffer intoxication
therefrom.”
Invention of Soap:Handwashing
the use of soap have been drilled by health officials from
the onset and during COVID
Health Organisation published re
importance of washing hands with soap to prevent the
disease. Bathroom soap bars like the ones used today,
date back to the 10th century Middle East, during the
‘Islamic Golden Age’. Recipes for soap
developed by the Muslim physic
Bakr Al Razi, (Rhazes or Rasis). The production of soaps
dates back to 13th century’s Middle Eastern and North
African cities of Fez, Nablus, Damascus, and Aleppo
(Syria)as one of the principal exporters of soap to the rest
of the Islamic World, and Europe. Word soap borrowed
from Germanic word sapo,
French savon, as probably related to French city
where French soap was manufactured. Italian
Spanish jabon, From Arabic
oil or fat with alkali (felt as hot dry and refreshing to the
body) and cut as a solid block
refresh the skin, and to clean the dirty cloths.
Rhazes used cat gut lute strings for abdominal wall
repair; he also utilized horsehair suture
practice persisted thereafter, for centuries
research, Rhazeswas a pioneer in testing his theories on
animals and presenting the concept of experimental
medicine (15). He did animal experimentations with new
drugs, checked out their effects and toxicity before
prescribing the medicine to his patients
that he carried out experiments on animals to assess the
effects of the drug and its side effects. As an example, he
investigated the effect of quicksilver on apes
the first to investigate the therapeutic effects of a drug
using experimentation on animal subjects. He wrote:
“Although, I was aware of the impact of pure mercury
on the human stomach, I reviewed its impact on
monkeys and monitored its use in patients with
intestinal blockage” (18).
3. Father of Medical Ethics,
For his (Treatise on Doctor’s crisis, and how his
status should be with his psyche, physique, manners, One of great sayings of Al-Razi CE 865-925
‘The doctor’s aim is to do well, even to our enemies, so
much more to our friends, and my profession forbids us to do harm to our kindred, as it is instituted for the
benefit and welfare of the human race, and G
imposed on physicians the oath not to compose
mortiferous remedies.’ (19).
He thus, sets the highest professional standard for
physicians by maintaining the respect and confidence of
the patients with a high level of integrity.
He had firm faith that doctors are entrusted by God Who
had blessed them with the sacred endeavour to provide
the best treatment to all who require it, without
discrimination against enemies or deprived ones who
couldn’t afford medical attention
treated the poor patients free of charge and many
patients came from afar to seek his expertise.
4. Father of Psychology, Psychotherapy &
Psychosomatic Diseases. Razes was among the first in
the world to write on mental illness and psychotherapy.
As chief physician of Baghdad hospital, he was also the
director of one of the first psychiatric wards in the world.
Two of his works in particular,
Hawi, provide descriptions and treatments for mental
illnesses.
To encounter the mental health i
he considered treating patient’s behavioural disorders as
medical conditions and presented the very first concept
of psychiatric wards. He is known to have practised an
early form of cognitive therapy for obsessive behaviour
and depression (22).
5. Father of paediatrics and infectious diseases
book Kitab al-Judariwa al
Smallpox and Measles) became the first scientific
description for the recognition and differentiation of
smallpox and measles. In 1970, the
Organisation credited his work by stating,
‘His writings on smallpox and
and accuracy, and his essay on
the first scientific treatise on the subject
centuries his treatise, together with those of
Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine
texts for major medical schools in Europe.
6. Father of Allergies & immunology.
“Resale Shammieh” is one of Rhazes’ pioneering works
in medicine; replying to Shahid
dedicated to his master Abuzeid Ahmad
who was getting cold in spring at the time of rose
blossoming.
Review of “Resale Shammieh” and similar works cited
by AbureihanBirooni, Ibn Abi
revealed that this treatise has been prepared before
treatise of Qest-ibn-Looqa, written for Abbasid Caliph
Mutawakkil, about hay fever. Rhazes, in “Resale
Shammieh” elucidated almost
ofallergic rhinitis and hay fever
modern medical textbooks, including nasal stuffiness,
itchy nose, sneezing repeatedly, runny nose, red face, and
light elevated temperature of the body. He als
complications of hay fever such as hoarseness,
and fever; and mentioned primary preventive measures
including covering the head in cold weather, abstaining
from drinking cold water as well as smelling musk,
Costus and myrrh Maki. His propo
fever comprising of dipping a fabric in the nose,
fumigation, shaving the head and rubbing mustard and
allium on it, as well as ear or forehead bloodletting
7. Father of Domiciliary Medicine.
For his pioneering بيبطلا هرضحي ﻻ نم
Yahduruhu al-Tabib.
Being so generous and charitable, Al
entitled Kitab man la Yahduruhu al
Manual: A Medical Advisor for the General Public
providing medical care to ordinary citizens, travellers
and the poor who were unable to afford a physician.
8. Father of Medical Critique
Practice). For his pioneering unprecedented book
سونيلاج ىلعDoubts about Galen).
In the 2nd century, the ancient Greek physician Galen
wrote extensively on medicine and the anatomy of the
human body based on animal dissection. Galen was
considered among the leading thinkers of medicine and
remained the best-known physician for hundreds of years
after his demise. Despite his ideas being revolutionary in
his time, many were later proven seriously flawed. Al
Razi, while acknowledging and expressing his admiration
of Galen’s contributions, became the first person to
critically challenge his concepts.
about Galen, he writes ‘…In medicine and philosophy
blind obedience and surrender to authority is
unacceptable and imitation is not
and logic must guide one’s thoughts, and Galen himself
had chastised those who attempt to impose their opinions
on their students without reason or logic.’
Overall, Rhazes was known as an empiricist and
emphasized clinical observations more than philosophical views (28). Rhazes’ ethical views in medicine Rhazes
made a great contribution to spiritual medicine and
believed in ethical issues. Al-Razimade comments and
constructive scholarly criticism on the theories of Galen,
the Greek master. Moreover, he gathered all of his
opinions in the book (Shukuk ala Jalinoos
on Galen), relating to Galen (29). This book was
successful in the presentation of Rhazes’ views on the
Galenic experiences. Rhazes rejected Socrates and
Aristotle’s theories about mental health
their theories on the formation of the ventricles, spinal
cord, and the brain in pairs. Rhazes expressed that
hemiplegia is related to ventricular involvement in
opposition to theory of Galen (21, 25).
Commemorative stamps were issued by many countries
in honour of his work, and his portrait hangs in the hall of
the School of Medicine in Paris. There is no doubt that
Al-Razi was therefore one of the greatest physicians of
Islam and of the Medieval ages.
II. Avicenna (980-1037 AD) was born in 980 near
Bukhara (now in Uzbekistan).Heis often des
“The Father of Early Modern Medicine
Sheikh Al-Rais (The Chief Boss) سيئرلا خيشلا
Prince of Physiciansءابطﻷا ريمأ ”, and “The Aristotle of
Islam مﻼسﻹا وطسرأ”.Avicenna never practiced in
Baghdad. Avicenna was an astronomer, chemist,
geologist, logician, paleontologist, mathematician,
physicist, poet, psychologist, scientist, and teacher.He
followed Muslim principles and thought and
the Quran by the age of ten, and as an adult, wrote
the Proof of Prophecies, in which he comments on
several Quranic verses and holds the Quran in high
esteem. Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets
should be considered higher than philosophers.
Avicenna is aligned with the Hanafi school of Sunni
thought. Avicenna studied Hanafi law, many of his
notable teachers were Hanafi jurists, and he served
under the Hanafi court of Ali ibn Mamun.
said at an early age that he remained “unconvinced”
by Ismaili missionary attempts to convert him.
Avicenna made an argument for the existence of
God, known as the “Proof of the Truthful” (
wujud), and he identified it with God in Islam. Avicenna
had correspondence with al-Biruni
questions, 10 of which were criticisms of
the Heavens). Some of Greek philosophy in metaphysics
(ilāhiyyāt) put him in antagonism by al
Taymiyya, and ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya; it is quoted that
Avicenna repented and revoked these Greek ideas before
his death (see below).
In addition to his book (Canon of Medicine),
of Healing- افشلاباتكbecame available in Europe in a
partial Latin translation
composition. Hediscovered the contagious nature of
infectious diseases, introduced Quarantines, and
studied the influence of the climate and environment
on health. He is also cons
fundamental concept of momentum in physics.
Avicenna was also the pioneer of neuropsychiatry,
describing numerous conditions including
hallucination, insomnia, mania, nightmares
melancholia, dementia, epilepsy, paralysis, stroke,
vertigo, and tremor. In 1037, while Avicenna was
accompanying prince (Ala al-Dawla) to a battle near
Isfahan, he contracted a severe colic, having suffered
from colic throughout his life (most likely he suffered
from ulcerative colitis). He died shortly a
Hamadan in 1037, where he was buried.
by ibn Khillikan that ibn Sina in his last days during his
illness before his death, had said: (The manager in my
body is unable to manage it, so treatment will not benefit
me); he then, washed himself [in the bathroom] and
repented, and he gave all his possessions as charity to the
poor, restored the grievances (the rights and debts) to
those he knew, freed all his servants (slaves), and began
to complete recitation of the Holy Qur’an once
days. Then he died.
Avicenna pioneered many innovative techniques in
Medicine, for instance, subcutaneous injections of drugs,
managing skeletal abnormalities by strong skeletal
tractions, description of meningitis, discovery of
consciousness and unconsciousness, and discovery that
brain stroke can result from too much blood (haemorrhage from hypertension), not only from too little
blood as thought before. Avicenna’s dissection of human
body revealed many genuine original observations of
anatomy, for instance, his discovery that infant takes
nutrition from maternal placenta through 2 arteries and
one vein, his description of optic chiasma, his description
of human arterial blood supply, and indeed visceral blood
supply of the digestive system(not dissimilar from our
modern anatomy)(31)
Avicenna’s “Canon of Medicine
(1030) is his greatest Medical legacy:
This book (in 5 managed volumes) is much shorter and
abridged encyclopedia of Medicine than 30
volumes of Rhazes’ “Continence in Medicine”; therefore
Avicenna’s ‘Canon’ became the alternative replacement
for Rhazes’ “Continence”(although both were used in
Latin translations), and was used as the main reference
textbook for all medical students in European
Universities since medieval ages and beyond for 5
consecutive centuries, till mid-18th century. In 12
century, Canon was translated into Latin at Toledo; parts
of which were translated to French, German, and English.
Neurosurgery and Musculoskeletal Management
Avicenna’s bold contributions to neurosurgery and to
musculo- skeletal disorders are amazingly bold and
breakthroughs in his era (as illustrated in the associated
portraits).
Quarantine is another Greatest
Sina who invented it in com
Omar Ibn Al-Khattab was first to implement the medical
isolation based on the instruction of the Messenger of
God (PBUH) saying: [if an epidemic (plague) befalls a
land, do not enter it, or leave in order to escape from it
(i.e. from the epidemic or the plague)]
This principle was further expanded byIbn Sina; and it is
now agreed internationally
“Canon of Medicine”, who first described the method of
“al-Arba’iniya” – the fortieth
prevent the spread of contagious diseases. Ibn Sina was
the first to designate this method to avoid contagion
through 40-day sanitary isolation. Quarantine was a mandatory practice in hospitals across the Islamic world
to prevent the spread of leprosy, an infectious disease
that causes disfiguring skin sores.
Quarantine became more common in Europe, especially
in the meeting points of trans-continental merchants,
such as Venice, during and after the Black Death plague
in the 14th and 15th centuries. The success of the method
in controlling the spread of epidemics led to the survival
of the term “quarantine” until today. Ibn Sina’s
name “al-Arba’iniya” (the fortieth), translated literally to
“Quarantena” in early Venetian language, and
Quarantine, is used since mid-17th century: from the
Italian quarantina ‘forty days’, from Late
Latinquaranta ‘forty’. Latin quadraginta
Tens, 40”)
“Quarantena” designated the 40-day period that all
ships were required to be isolated before passengers and
crew could go ashore. Quarantine considerations are
often one aspect of ‘Border Control’ applied to visitors
and tourist coming by ships, cars and aeroplanes.
In the spread of disease, isolation
separating sick individuals from society in order to
containthe spread of the infection.
roots in the Latin word for
“island,”Quarantine refers to separating and
restricting the movements of healthy individuals
who may have been exposed to an illness to
determine whether they are sick (and would require
isolation). It is often used in disease, preventing the
movement of those who may have been exposed to a
transmissible disease, but yet undiagnosed. It is distinct
fromMedical isolation, in which those confirmed to be
infected with a communicable disease are isolated fr
the healthy population. Quarantine now designates all
types of sanitary isolation, even when the duration is not
forty days.
The contemporary term “quarantine”
forms of isolation against disease.
Quarantine has been considered as one of the most
effective ways to limit the spread of COVID
(Coronavirus pandemic) in 2020. Almost all countries
have national lockdowns to reduce the number of
infected cases. There is an Uzbek film produced in 1957
(in Russian, when Uzbekistan was still a
the Soviet Union).It shows the scientist, physician and
the thinker Ibn Sina (a Muslim father of modern
medicine), 1000 years ago, telling people the measures to
be taken when there is an outbreak of a pandemic disease.[Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
Afshona, Izbekistan]
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